Standard Library

Every function in these modules is a compiler intrinsic: the body written in the .agn source exists only so the file type-checks and so a human reading it can see the signature. The actual behavior is generated directly by the compiler backend, not by running that body. ReadInt, ReadChar, ReadLine, template string interpolation, and ++ are the exceptions called out below where the source body’s stated behavior does not hold under --backend=nvm.

result

stdlib/result.agn declares Result<T,E> (ok bool, value T, err E) and Option<T> (some bool, value T). Unlike every other module here, these two generic structs are always in scope — no import "result" needed — and their fields are real data, not a compiler-generated body; the compiler parses this file directly and merges its declarations into every compiled program. See Generic structs for how instantiation (Result<int,string>) and monomorphization work.

stdio

Function	Signature	Notes
Print	(value int)	writes a decimal integer, no newline
Println	(value int)	writes a decimal integer and a newline
PrintStr	(text string)	writes a string, no newline
PrintlnStr	(text string)	writes a string and a newline
PrintChar	(ch int)	writes one byte
ReadInt	() int	reads a decimal integer from stdin
ReadChar	() int	reads one byte from stdin
ReadLine	(buffer int, maxlen int) int	reads a line into a heap buffer, returns the byte count
Flush	()	no-op; output is unbuffered

Print and Println only accept int; passing a string is a type error, use PrintStr/PrintlnStr.

ReadInt, ReadChar, and ReadLine are compile errors under --backend=nvm. The Novaria kernel’s stdin file descriptor has no working read handler (/dev/stdin has a null read function, /dev/tty returns immediately without filling the buffer), so there is no correct behavior to generate; the compiler refuses to compile the call instead of producing a program that hangs or reads garbage.

math

All functions take int; most return int, except IsEven/IsOdd/IsPrime, which return bool.

Function	Signature	Notes
Max	(a int, b int) int
Min	(a int, b int) int
Pow	(base int, exp int) int
Sqrt	(n int) int	integer square root, Newton’s method, positive input only
GCD	(a int, b int) int	Euclidean algorithm, positive input only
LCM	(a int, b int) int	positive input only
Fact	(n int) int	factorial
IsEven	(n int) bool
IsOdd	(n int) bool
Sign	(x int) int	1 if x > 0, otherwise 0; negative input is not distinguished from zero
Clamp	(value int, min int, max int) int
SumRange	(n int) int	sum of 1..n
IsPrime	(n int) bool	trial division
Fib	(n int) int	n-th Fibonacci number, iterative

string

Function	Signature	Notes
len	(s string) int	byte length
compare	(s1 string, s2 string) int	0 if equal, -1 if s1 < s2, 1 if s1 > s2
concat	(s1 string, s2 string) string
is_empty	(s string) bool
indexOf	(s string, sub string) Option<int>	index of the first occurrence of sub; some=false if not found
contains	(s string, sub string) bool
startsWith	(s string, prefix string) bool
endsWith	(s string, suffix string) bool
charAt	(s string, index int) Option<int>	byte code at index; some=false if out of bounds
substr	(s string, start int, len int) string	clamped to the string’s bounds
toUpper	(s string) string	ASCII only
toLower	(s string) string	ASCII only

++ and $(...) template string interpolation (see Syntax) cover the same ground as concat for simple cases; string.concat is the only string-building option available under --backend=nvm, where ++ and template strings are compile errors. indexOf, contains, startsWith, endsWith, charAt, substr, toUpper, and toLower are compile errors under --backend=nvm.

os

File descriptors and command-line arguments. Compile errors under --backend=nvm; use novaria there instead.

Function	Signature	Notes
ArgCount	() int	number of command-line arguments, including argv[0] (the program path)
Arg	(index int) string	argument at index
OpenRead	(path string) Option<int>	value is the file descriptor; some=false on error
OpenCreate	(path string) Option<int>	create/truncate for writing; value is the file descriptor, some=false on error
Close	(fd int) int
ReadFd	(fd int, buffer int, maxlen int) Option<int>	reads into a heap buffer address, like stdio.ReadLine; value is bytes read, some=false on error
WriteFd	(fd int, data string) Option<int>	value is bytes written, some=false on error
Exit	(code int)	terminates the process immediately, bypassing any remaining code in the caller

ReadFd’s (and stdio.ReadLine’s) buffer parameter is typed int but accepts the pointer produced by &arr directly — a pointer value assigned to an int parameter decays to its address.

OpenRead, OpenCreate, ReadFd, and WriteFd return Option<int> (see Generic structs) instead of a raw sentinel: some is true on success and false on failure, and value holds the file descriptor or byte count only when some is true — check some before trusting value.

novaria

Function	Signature	Notes
Exit	(code int)
Open	(filename string) int	read-only; there is no syscall to create or write a file
Read	(fd int, bufferOffset int) int
Write	(fd int, bufferOffset int) int
Remove	(filename string)
Exec	(filename string)	opens then spawns; the kernel does not report the child’s PID back
MemAlloc	(size int) int	returns a heap offset

This module wraps syscalls specific to the Novaria kernel. Its intrinsic behavior is only generated under --backend=nvm; under --backend=llvm these functions compile to their literal, non-functional source body (Open always returns -1 and so on), because there is no Novaria kernel underneath a native llvm-backend executable.